Research progress on dental materials for preventing root caries / 口腔疾病防治

@#The high incidence and untreated rate of root caries, a common and frequently occurring oral disease with challenging treatment in elderly individuals, is the main cause of tooth loss among elderly people, as rapid development results in pulpitis and periapical periodontitis or residual crown and root, which has been regarded as one of the common chronic oral diseases seriously affecting the quality of life of elderly people. Thus, early intervention and prevention are important. Traditional dental materials for preventing root caries have been widely used in clinical practice; however, they have the disadvantages of tooth coloring, remineralization and low sterilization efficiency. A series of new dental materials for preventing root caries have gradually become a research hotspot recently, which have the advantages of promoting the mineralization of deep dental tissue, prolonging the action time and enhancing adhesion. Future caries prevention materials should be designed according to the characteristics of root surface caries and the application population and should be developed toward simplicity, high efficiency and low toxicity. This review describes current research regarding anti-caries prevention material application, serving as a theoretical underpinning for the research of root caries prevention materials, which is important for both promotion in the effective prevention of root caries and improvement in the status of oral health and the quality of life among old people.

A way forward in pulmonary aspiration incidence reduction: ultrasound, mathematics, and worldwide data collection

Abstract Aspiration of gastric contents during induction of general anesthesia remains a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in anesthesia. Recent data show that pulmonary aspiration still accounts for many cases with implications on mortality despite technical and technological evolution. Practical, ethical, and methodological issues prevent high-quality research in the setting of aspiration and rapid sequence induction/intubation, and significant controversy is ongoing. Patients' position, drugs choice, dosing and timing, use of cricoid force, and a reliable risk assessment are widely debated with significant questions still unanswered. We focus our discussion on three approaches to promote a better understanding of rapid sequence induction/intubation and airway management decision-making. Firstly, we review how we can use qualitative and quantitative assessment of fasting status and gastric content with the point-of-care ultrasound as an integral part of preoperative evaluation and planning. Secondly, we propose using imaging-based mathematical models to study different patient positions and aspiration mechanisms, including identifying aspiration triggers. Thirdly, we promote the development of a global data collection system aiming to obtain precise epidemiological data. Therefore, we fill the gap between evidence-based medicine and experts' opinion through easily accessible and diffused computer-based databases. A better understanding of aspiration epidemiology obtained through focused global data gathering systems, the widespread use of ultrasound-based prandial status evaluation, and development of advanced mathematical models might potentially guide safer airway management decision making in the 21st century.

Concepción teórica para favorecer la transferencia de la rapidez de movimientos técnicos en el lanzamiento del martillo

El presente artículo se realizó a partir de detectar insuficiencias teórico-metodológicas y prácticas en el proceso de preparación técnica del lanzador de martillo categoría escolar; por tal razón, se propuso como objetivo general elaborar una concepción teórica para favorecer el entrenamiento en la transferencia de la rapidez de movimientos técnicos de los giros al instante final del lanzamiento del martillo, en atletas categoría escolar de la Eide "Pedro Batista Fonseca" de la provincia de Granma. Para el logro del objetivo antes expuesto se emplearon métodos de la investigación científica como los teóricos, el análisis y síntesis, el hipotético-deductivo y el sistémico estructural funcional; dentro de los empíricos, el análisis de documentos, la observación y la medición y como método matemático-estadístico la estadística descriptiva, además, se utilizó como técnica de investigación la entrevista. La propuesta permitió la sistematización de aquellos elementos relacionados directamente con la transferencia en el deporte y el proceso de entrenamiento del lanzador de martillo; de tal manera se previó, con su aplicación, el perfeccionamiento técnico de los atletas implicados en la investigación, así como un incremento en su rendimiento y resultados deportivos.

O presente artigo foi realizado a partir da detecção de insuficiências teórico-metodológicas e práticas no processo de preparação técnica do arremessador de martelos da categoria escola; por esta razão, foi proposto como objetivo geral elaborar uma concepção teórica para favorecer o treinamento na transferência da velocidade dos movimentos técnicos das voltas para o instante final do arremesso do martelo, na categoria escola atletas do Eide "Pedro Batista Fonseca" da província de Granma. Para alcançar o objetivo acima mencionado, foram utilizados métodos de pesquisa científica, tais como métodos teóricos, de análise e síntese, hipotéticos-dedutivos e estruturais-funcionais sistêmicos; dentro dos métodos empíricos, análise de documentos, observação e medição, e estatística descritiva como método matemático-estatístico; além disso, a entrevista foi utilizada como técnica de pesquisa. A proposta permitiu a sistematização daqueles elementos diretamente relacionados com a transferência no esporte e o processo de treinamento do martelo lançador; de tal forma que, com sua aplicação, foi previsto o aperfeiçoamento técnico dos atletas envolvidos na pesquisa, bem como um aumento de seu desempenho e resultados esportivos.

The present article was carried out from the detection of theoretical-methodological and practical insufficiencies in the process of technical preparation of the school category hammer thrower; For this reason, it was proposed as a general objective to develop a theoretical conception to favor training in the transfer of the speed of technical movements of the turns to the final moment of the hammer throw, in school category athletes of the Eide" Pedro Batista Fonseca" of Granma province. To achieve the aforementioned objective, scientific research methods such as theoretical, analysis and synthesis, hypothetical-deductive and structural-functional systemic were used; within the empirical, the analysis of documents, observation and measurement and as a mathematical-statistical method descriptive statistics, in addition, the interview was used as a research technique. The proposal allowed the systematization of those elements directly related to the transfer in sport and the training process of the hammer thrower; In this way, with its application, the technical improvement of the athletes involved in the research was foreseen, as well as an increase in their performance and sports results.

La dinámica de las tecnologías de la información y el conocimiento, en la Educación Física

Se considera una necesidad, la de promover una nueva imagen de la Educación Física escolar desde el acompañamiento de las tecnologías de la información y el conocimiento, al considerar su esencia informativa, interactiva, comunicativa y su carácter polémico y activo-renovador que proveen a las actividades físico-deportivas de una gran vitalidad en el contexto del aprendizaje del ejercicio físico. Por lo que se propone como objetivo elaborar una estructura metodológica, desde la relación tecnológica-cognitiva-motora, en función de la dinámica de la interacción del escolar con el conocimiento teórico de la Educación Física mediado por el uso de las tecnologías de la información y el conocimiento, en el segundo ciclo de la Educación Primaria. Como resultado, se generó una herramienta didáctica para estimular el conocimiento teórico en la Educación Física, así como el diseño de espacios para su uso como modelo de aprendizaje, encaminado a lograr un equilibrio entre lo tecnológico, lo cognitivo y lo motor en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Se emplearon como métodos teóricos el análisis-síntesis y la inducción-deducción, empíricos la observación, la encuesta y la entrevistas y el método matemático-estadístico-descriptivo. Se concluye que la apropiación del conocimiento teórico en un espacio interactivo mediado por herramientas informáticas tuvo un efecto positivo en el aprendizaje del ejercicio físico en los escolares, pues fortaleció el aprendizaje desarrollador e integrador durante el proceso.

SÍNTESE É considerada uma necessidade de promover uma nova imagem da Educação Física escolar a partir do acompanhamento das tecnologias da informação e do conhecimento, considerando a sua essência informativa, interactiva, comunicativa e o seu carácter polémico e activo-renovador que proporcionam às actividades físico-desportivas uma grande vitalidade no contexto da aprendizagem do exercício físico. Portanto, o objectivo é elaborar uma estrutura metodológica, a partir da relação técnico-cognitivo-motora, baseada na dinâmica da interacção do aluno com o conhecimento teórico da Educação Física mediada pela utilização das tecnologias da informação e do conhecimento, no segundo ciclo do Ensino Primário. Como resultado, foi gerada uma ferramenta didáctica para estimular o conhecimento teórico em Educação Física, bem como a concepção de espaços para a sua utilização como modelo de aprendizagem, visando alcançar um equilíbrio entre os aspectos tecnológicos, cognitivos e motores no processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Os métodos teóricos utilizados foram a análise-síntese e indução-dedução, os métodos empíricos foram a observação, o inquérito e as entrevistas, e o método matemático-estatístico-descritivo. Conclui-se que a apropriação de conhecimentos teóricos num espaço interactivo mediado por instrumentos informáticos teve um efeito positivo na aprendizagem do exercício físico nas crianças em idade escolar, uma vez que reforçou a aprendizagem desenvolvimentista e integradora durante o processo.

It is considered a necessity to promote a new image of school Physical Education from the accompaniment of information and knowledge technologies, considering its informative, interactive, communicative essence and its controversial and active-renovating character that they provide to the physical-sporting activities of great vitality in the context of learning physical exercise. Therefore, the objective is to develop a methodological structure, from the technological-cognitive-motor relationship, based on the dynamics of the interaction of the school with the theoretical knowledge of Physical Education mediated by the use of information technologies and knowledge, in the second cycle of Primary Education. As a result, a didactic tool was generated to stimulate theoretical knowledge in Physical Education, as well as the design of spaces for use as a learning model, aimed at achieving a balance between the technological, the cognitive and the motor in the teaching-learning process. Analysis-synthesis and induction-deduction were used as theoretical methods, empirical observation, survey and interviews, as well as the mathematical-statistical-descriptive method. It is concluded that the appropriation of theoretical knowledge in an interactive space mediated by computer tools had a positive effect on the learning of physical exercise in schoolchildren, since it strengthened developer and integrative learning during the process.

Construction of sports and medical integration intervention program in phase Ⅱ cardiac rehabilitation for patients with acute myocardial infarction / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To construct an intervention program of sports and medical integration for patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in phase Ⅱ cardiac rehabilitation, so as to provide reference for the effective implementation of physical activity behavior change in AMI patients during phase Ⅱ cardiac rehabilitation.Methods:Before the research, we browsed relevant literature and guidelines published from July 2016 to June 2021, made a retrospective study on the influencing factors of cardiac rehabilitation behavior for AMI patients, and carried out a qualitative interview on cognitive and compliance motivations for AMI patients. Furthermore based on trans-theoretical model, the first draft of the intervention program was developed and and the expert consultation questionnaire was formed. From February to April 2022, Delphi method was used in 16 experts from 10 hospitals and 1 nursing college in 4 provinces. After 2 rounds of expert consultations on the importance and operability of items, the intervention program was finally determined.Results:The effective recovery rates of the 2 rounds of expert consultations questionnaires were both 16/16. The authority coefficient of expert consultation was 0.90, the judgment basis coefficient was 0.96, and the familiarity degree was 0.84. After the second round of expert consultation, the coefficient of variation of the importance of each item was (0.0-13.4)%, and the coefficient of variation of operability was (0.0-18.1)%. The final intervention program of sports and medical integration for patients with AMI in phase Ⅱ cardiac rehabilitation had 37 items, containing precontemplation stage (8 items), contemplation stage (7 items), preparation stage (5 items), action stage (9 items) and maintenance stage (8 items).Conclusions:The construction process of the intervention program of sports and medical integration for patients with AMI in phase Ⅱ cardiac rehabilitation is scientific and feasible. The content is focused on the patient-centred conception and the whole-process management for the exercise rehabilitation of AMI patients in phase Ⅱ cardiac rehabilitation. This intervention program may improve the safety, feasibility, participation and compliance in phase Ⅱ cardiac rehabilitation in patients with AMI. So it is recommended to be popularized and used in phase Ⅱ cardiac rehabilitation.

Thoughts of syndrome differentiation and treatment of precancerous lesions of chronic atrophic gastritis based on the theory on hidden pathogen / 国际中医中药杂志

Precancerous lesions of gastric cancer (PLGC) is a pathological change accompanied by intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia on the basis of chronic atrophic gastritis. It is also an important stage of "inflammation-cancer transformation" on gastric mucosa. Paying attention to the intervention of PLGC has important value and significance for the secondary prevention of gastric cancer. PLGC has the characteristics of occult onset, toxin damaging collaterals, and long course of disease, which is highly consistent to the pathogenesis characteristics of incubative pathogenic factors. Based on the relevance of incubative pathogenic factors and PLGC, treatment of PLGC from the perspective of incubative pathogenic factors should be mainly strengthening the spleen and stomach, and combined with the methods of regulating qi and dissipating dampness, and removing blood stasis and detoxification. It should also pay attention to the prognosis.Paying attention to the body-mind treatment can reduce the re-occurrence , so as to provide a new way of thinking for treating PLGC from incubative pathogenic factors.

Reflexão crítica da teoria de Jean Watson: estudo fundamentado no modelo de Chinn e Kramer / Critical reflection of Jean Watson's theory: a based study on the Chinn and Kramer model / Reflexión crítica de la teoría de Jean Watson: un estudio basado en el modelo de Chinn y Kramer

Objetivo: analisar a teoria do Cuidado Humano de Jean Watson, a partir do modelo de reflexão crítica proposto por Chinn e Kramer. Método: estudo teórico- reflexivo, realizado em abril de 2021, a partir do modelo de reflexão crítica elaborado por Chinn e Kramer, com ênfase nos seguintes componentes: clareza, simplicidade, generalidade, acessibilidade e importância da teoria. Resultados: da análise do modelo proposto, observou-se que a teoria do Cuidado Humano de Jean Watson apresenta relativa clareza semântica devido aos seus elementos complexos, no entanto pode ser classificada como geral, acessível, importante, valiosa e útil, podendo assim, ser empregada como importante subsídio para a atuação profissional por sua abrangência de significados e de valor prático. Conclusão: a Teoria do Cuidado Humano pode ser utilizada nas mais diversas situações de cuidados, independentemente da situação de saúde do indivíduo, permitindo a promoção de um cuidado holístico e com atenção aos aspectos biopsicossocioespirituais.

Objective: to analyze Jean Watson's theory of Human Caring, based on the critical reflection model proposed by Chinn and Kramer. Method: theoretical- reflective study, carried out in April 2021, based on the critical reflection model developed by Chinn and Kramer, with emphasis on the following components: clarity, simplicity, generality, accessibility and importance of the theory. Results: from the analysis of the proposed model, it was observed that Jean Watson's theory of Human Caring presents relative semantic clarity due to its complex elements, however it can be classified as general, accessible, important, valuable and useful, thus being able to be used as an important subsidy for professional performance due to its range of meanings and practical value. Conclusion: the Theory of Human Care can be used in the most diverse care situations, regardless of the individual's health situation, allowing the promotion of holistic care and attention to biopsychosocial-spiritual aspects.

Objetivo: analizar la teoría del Cuidado Humano de Jean Watson, a partir del modelo de reflexión crítica propuesto por Chinn y Kramer. Método: estudio teórico- reflexivo, realizado en abril de 2021, a partir del modelo de reflexión crítica desarrollado por Chinn y Kramer, con énfasis en los siguientes componentes: claridad, sencillez, generalidad, accesibilidad e importancia de la teoría. Resultados: del análisis del modelo propuesto, se observó que la teoría del Cuidado Humano de Jean Watson presenta relativa claridad semántica debido a sus elementos complejos, sin embargo, puede clasificarse como general, accesible, importante, valiosa y útil, pudiendo así ser utilizado como un importante subsidio para el desempeño profesional debido a su variedad de significados y valor práctico. Conclusión: la Teoría del Cuidado Humano puede ser utilizada en las más diversas situaciones de cuidado, independientemente de la situación de salud del individuo, permitiendo la promoción del cuidado holístico y la atención a los aspectos biopsicosociales-espirituales.

Articular mobilization promotes improvement in functional and inflammatory parameters in a gouty arthritis model

ABSTRACT Objective Gouty arthritis is characterized by painful inflammation due to the deposition of monosodium urate crystals in joint tissues. Despite available treatments, many patients experience ineffective management and adverse effects. This study evaluated a manual therapy protocol involving passive joint mobilization at the peak of inflammation in a gouty arthritis model using functional and inflammatory parameters. Methods Twenty male Wistar rats, 12 weeks old, were divided into two groups (n=10 each): Gouty Arthritis and Control Groups, which were further subdivided into treated and untreated groups (n=5 each). The Gouty Arthritis Group received intraarticular knee injection of 50µL of monosodium urate crystals, while the Control Group received 50µL of phosphate buffered saline. The treatment involved a 9-minutes session of grade III joint mobilization (according to Maitland). Nociception, grip strength, and edema were evaluated before induction (EV0), 7 hours after assessment (EV1), immediately after treatment (EV2), and 1 hour after treatment (EV3). The animals were euthanized, and synovial fluid was collected to analyze leukocyte migration. Results The model mimicked the signs of the Gouty Arthritis Group, with a decrease in the threshold of nociception and strength and an increase in edema and leukocyte count. The mobilization protocol significantly increased the nociceptive threshold and grip strength and reduced edema; however, it did not reverse the increase in leukocyte count. Conclusion Our results suggest that mobilization promotes analgesia and may modulate the inflammatory process owing to reduced edema and subtle attenuation of cell migration, which contributes to strength gain.

Evaluación del modelo de calidad de Donabedian en base a los criterios de Chinn y Kramer / Evaluation of the Donabedian quality model based on the Chinn and Kramer criteria

INTRODUCCIÓN: La evaluación de teorías es un proceso crucial para el desarrollo del conocimiento enfermero, permite seleccionar y utilizar la teoría en función de los problemas y fenómenos del cuidado, sin embargo, es escasamente realizada, especialmente en teorías de otras disciplinas. OBJETIVO: Analizar críticamente el modelo de calidad de la atención de salud de Donabedian, a través de la propuesta metodológica de Chinn y Kramer. DESARROLLO: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo-reflexivo del componente teórico y conceptual del modelo de Donabedian, se explica el propósito, conceptos, relaciones, estructura y supuestos. Se continua con la evaluación crítica del modelo, analizada bajo los criterios de claridad, sencillez, generalidad, accesibilidad e importancia, a través de una revisión narrativa de la literatura. CONCLUSIÓN: el modelo es útil para la gestión, los procesos de mejora, evaluación de estrategias y programas. Con valor para enfermería, puesto que coinciden en el significado e importancia otorgada a la calidad de la atención, reconociendo su contribución en la implementación, desarrollo de intervenciones y mejoramiento de la salud.

NTRODUCTION: The evaluation of theories is a crucial process for the development of nursing knowledge, as it allows the selection and use of such theories to address the problems of patient care. However, it is scarcely performed, especially with theoriesfrom disciplines other than nursing. OBJECTIVE: To critically analyze the Donabedian model of health care quality, through the methodological approach of Chinn and Kramer (1999). METHODOLOGY: A descriptive-reflexive study of the theoretical and conceptualcomponent of the Donabedian model was carried out, explaining its purpose, concepts, relationships, structure, and assumptions. A critical evaluation of the model was then conducted, using the criteria of clarity, simplicity, generality, accessibility, and importance, through a narrative review of the literature. CONCLUSIONS: The model is useful for management, improvement processes, and the evaluation of strategies and programs. It is especially valuable for nursing, since it coincides with the meaning and importance given to the quality of nursing care, recognizing its contribution in the development and implementation of interventions and improvement of health.

Modelos teóricos: reflexões necessárias / Theoretical models: necessary reflections

RESUMO Objetivo: Apresentar reflexões teórico-metodológicas sobre elaboraçõo, tipos e funções dos modelos teóricos, bem como suas estruturas conceituais e de análise. Métodos: Trata-se de um ensaio cujo processo de coleta do material foi realizado de forma não sistemática, eleito exclusivamente e baseado na linha de argumentaçõo e reflexão que os autores pretendem submeter à apreciaçõo e ao debate público. Resultados: Este trabalho apresenta reflexões sobre tipos e funções dos modelos teóricos, fundamentaçõo teórica nas pesquisas e reflexões sobre a importância dos modelos teóricos para as pesquisas em saúde pública e sua relaçõo com o processo de elaboraçõo, desenvolvimento e relato nos estudos científicos. Além disso, são descritos tipos de modelos teóricos referentes aos planos conceitual e empírico, e a importante elaboraçõo e descriçõo da junçõo de ambos para o fazer científico. Conclusão: Espera-se que este artigo levante discussões e reflexões sobre os métodos atuais que permeiam o fazer científico e fomentem a utilizaçõo dos modelos teóricos como base das pesquisas científicas em seu processo de elaboraçõo, desenvolvimento e relato.

ABSTRACT Objective: To present theoretical-methodological reflections on the elaboration, types, and functions of theoretical models as well as their conceptual and analytic frameworks. Methods: This is an essay, whose material collection was carried out in a non-systematic way, by electing studies exclusively based on the line of argument and reflection that the authors intend to submit to appreciation and public debate. Results: We present reflections on the types and functions of theoretical models, theoretical foundations in research, and reflections on the importance of theoretical models for public health research and their relation with the process of elaboration, development, and reporting in scientific studies. In addition, we describe types of theoretical models referring to the conceptual and empirical levels and the important elaboration and description of their combination for scientific practice. Conclusion: With this article, our intention is to stimulate discussions and reflections on current methods that permeate scientific practice and encourage the use of Theoretical Models as a basis for scientific research in its elaboration, development, and reporting process.

Integrative approach to the development of situation specific theories: theoretical reflection / Enfoque integrativo para el desarrollo de teorías de situación específicas: reflexión teórica / Abordagem integrativa para o desenvolvimento de teorias de situação específica: reflexão teórica

ABSTRACT Objective: reflect on the use of the integrative approach and its contribution as a methodological path for the development of situation specific theories in nursing. Method: reflexive study, considering the methodological framework of Im and Meleis and the possibilities of its incorporation into Brazilian nursing for the development of situation specific theories. Results: the following topics are presented: Integrative approach: possibilities to develop situations specific theories; and, Usefulness of the development of situation specific theories from the integrative approach. The reflection is based on the experience of using the methodological framework for the development of situation specific theories, in addition to discussing the potentialities the framework has regarding the construction of theories that guide nursing care in particular contexts. Conclusion: the integrative approach is underused in the Brazilian context of theory production, despite being a nursing reference. Therefore, it needs to be made visible to strengthen the development of knowledge that represents diverse and specific realities in order to advance in clinical practice.

RESUMEN Objetivo: reflexionar sobre el uso del enfoque integrador y su contribución como camino metodológico para el desarrollo de teorías de situaciones específicas en enfermería. Método: estudio reflexivo, considerando el marco metodológico de Im y Meleis y las posibilidades de su incorporación en la enfermería brasileña para el desarrollo de teorías de situaciones específicas. Resultados: se presentan los siguientes temas: Enfoque integrador: posibilidades de desarrollar teorías de situaciones específicas; y, Utilidad del desarrollo de teorías de situaciones específicas desde el enfoque integrador. La reflexión se basa en la experiencia de utilizar el marco metodológico para el desarrollo de teorías de situaciones específicas, además de discutir las potencialidades que tiene el marco en cuanto a la construcción de teorías que orientan el cuidado de enfermería en contextos particulares. Conclusión: el enfoque integrador está subutilizado en el contexto brasileño de producción teórica, a pesar de ser un referente en enfermería. Por lo tanto, es necesario visibilizarlo para fortalecer el desarrollo de conocimientos que representen realidades diversas y específicas para avanzar en la práctica clínica.

RESUMO Objetivo: refletir sobre a contribuição do uso da abordagem integrativa como caminho metodológico para o desenvolvimento de teorias de situação específica em enfermagem. Método: estudo do tipo reflexivo, considerando o referencial metodológico de Im e Meleis e as possibilidades de sua incorporação pela enfermagem brasileira para o desenvolvimento de teorias de situação específica. Resultado: são apresentados os tópicos: Abordagem integrativa: possibilidades para desenvolver teorias de situação específica; e, Utilidade do desenvolvimento de teorias de situação específicas a partir da abordagem integrativa. A reflexão sustenta-se na experiência de utilização do referencial metodológico para o desenvolvimento de teorias de situação específica, bem como discute o potencial do referencial para a construção de teorias que guiem o cuidado de enfermagem em contextos particulares. Conclusão: a abordagem integrativa é subutilizada no contexto brasileiro de produção de teorias, mesmo sendo um referencial próprio da enfermagem. Por isso, necessita ser visibilizada para fortalecer o desenvolvimento de conhecimento que represente realidades diversas e específicas a fim de avançar na prática clínica.

L-glutamine supplementation reduced morphological damage in the renal glomerulus of rats with Walker-256 tumor

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the effects of the experimental subcutaneous Walker-256 tumor and L-glutamine supplementation, an antioxidant, on the glomerular morphology of rats. Methods: Twenty Wistar rats were distributed into four groups (n = 5): control (C); control treated with 2% L-glutamine (CG); rats with Walker-256 tumor (WT); and rats with Walker-256 tumor treated with 2% L-glutamine (WTG). Renal histological samples were submitted to periodic acid-Schiff and Masson's Trichrome staining to analyze glomerular density, morphometry of glomerular components and glomerulosclerosis; and to immunohistochemistry for fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). Results: WT showed 50% reduction in body mass gain and cachexia index > 10%, while WTG demonstrated reduction in cachexia (p < 0.05). WT revealed reduction of glomerular density, increase in the glomerular tuft area, mesangial area, matrix in the glomerular tuft, decrease in the urinary space and synechia, and consequently higher glomerulosclerosis (p < 0.05). L-glutamine supplementation in the WTG improved glomerular density, and reduced glomerular tuft area, urinary space, mesangial area, and glomerulosclerosis compared to WT(p < 0.05). WT showed higher collagen area and FGF-2 expression compared to C (p < 0.05). WTG presented lower collagen fibers and FGF-2 expression compared to WT (p < 0.05). Conclusions: L-glutamine supplementation reduced cachexia and was beneficial for glomerular morphology of the rats, as well as it reduced kidney damage and improved the remaining glomeruli morphology.

Progress in the Application of Various Theoretical Models in Advance Care Planning / 中国医学伦理学

Advance care planning (ACP) is an important part of hospice care, a core index of high-quality palliative care, and one of the effective indicators for improving the life quality of end-of-life patients. By reviewing the progress of various theoretical models and their applications in ACP, including planned behavior theory, behavioral change wheel theory, self-determination theory, prospect theory, change theory, and cultural suitability theory, this paper delved into the advantages and limitations of each theoretical model and analyzed its research prospects in future ACP clinical practice to promote researchers’ correct understanding of the role of different theoretical models in various types of studies, with a view to providing new ideas for clinical research on ACP.

Theoretical exploration and research pathways of the harmonious symbiotic mechanism in the tiered medical treatment system / 中华医院管理杂志

The tiered medical treatment system stands as a cornerstone in the deepening reforms of China′s medical and health sectors, playing a crucial role in building a healthy China. Exploring the harmonious coexistence mechanism of multiple entities on the supply and demand sides of the tiered diagnosis and treatment system, and promoting the formation of a scientific and reasonable tiered diagnosis and treatment order, has become an urgent public proposition that needs to be answered and has significant social impact. Addressing the challenges in China′s tiered medical treatment system, particularly its need for a more systematic, comprehensive, and collaborative approach, this study is informed by a thorough literature review. Based on the harmonious management and symbiosis theories, the authors proposed a theoretical concept and future research path for the formation of a harmonious symbiotic mechanism in the tiered diagnosis and treatment system, in order to pave the way for exploring the harmonious symbiotic mechanism in the tiered diagnosis and treatment system.

Constructing theory model for medical quality and safety management based on grounded theory / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective:To construct future-oriented theoretical management model for medical quality and patient safety.Methods:Procedure grounded theory was applied to code data including 30 expert interview records from July 2021 to June 2022 and the qualitative analysis results of 71 core literatures in Chinese and English, and then the theoretical model was constructed.Results:After three-level coding, 555 reference points, 249 initial concepts, 41 categories, 27 main categories and 7 core categories related to medical quality and safety management were sorted out, and the theoretical model of SQ (I-SPORT) matrix for medical quality and safety management was constructed. This model extended the traditional dimension in quality and safety management.Conclusions:Regarding medical quality and safety management, on one hand, should focus on the systematic improvement of structure, process, results, reengineering, education and training in terms of management functions; on the other hand, it is necessary to improve the organization, employees, resources, technology and tools, and patient experience in terms of management elements.

Construction of a generalized structure-process-outcome theoretical model of medical quality and safety management in China / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective:To construct a theoretical model of medical quality and safety management based on the current situation of medical quality and safety management mode in China, providing reference for continuous improvement of medical quality and safety management.Methods:The CNKI database was used as the data source to search literature, with a high citation index H=38 as the judgment standard, the core literature related to the quality and safety management in China was selected. Based on the structure-process-outcome (SPO) model, Nvivo qualitative analysis software was used to code and analyze the included literature, sort out the relevant elements of China′s medical quality and safety management, and clarify the logical relationship between the elements, forming a generalized SPO model of China′s medical quality and safety management.Results:Through a systematic summary and review of relevant literature, a generalized SPO model for medical quality and safety management was proposed, including 5 structural elements (organizational structure, personnel management, resource management, informatization, management standards), 2 process elements (management methods, service processes), and 3 outcome elements (patient outcomes, employee outcomes, organizational results). The logical relationships between and within the three major elements were constructed.Conclusions:To improve the level of medical quality and safety management in China, the structural dimension should be focused on clarifying the responsibilities of the main body of quality management, establishing an independent and perfect quality control department, strengthening the investment and construction of information technology, and promoting the implementation of the medical quality management standard; the process dimension should be focused on promoting the rational application of quality management tools; and the outcome dimension should be focused on strengthening the management of patient safety and improving the individual satisfaction.

Application of 3D digital modeling combined with 3D printed model in classroom theoretical teaching of orthopedics / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To investigate the application effect of 3D digital modeling combined with 3D printed model in assisting the classroom theoretical teaching of orthopedics in five-year undergraduate students majoring in clinical medicine.Methods:In May 2022, 33 five-year undergraduate students majoring in clinical medicine in the class of 2018 in Southwest Medical University were selected and divided into experimental group with 17 students and control group with 16 students according to the odd or even student number. The students in the experimental group were taught by traditional PPT+3D digital modeling combined with 3D printed model, and those in the control group were taught by the traditional PPT teaching method. The teaching effect was evaluated by theoretical examination and a questionnaire survey on the degree of satisfaction with teaching. SPSS 25.0 was used to perform the t-test, the Mann-Whitney U test, the rank sum test, and the chi-square test. Results:The experimental group had a significantly higher score of theoretical examination than the control group (86.24±4.16 vs. 82.50±6.06). The questionnaire survey on the degree of satisfaction with teaching showed that compared with the control group, the experimental group had a significantly higher degree of satisfaction with the understanding and learning of orthopedic diseases [3 (2, 3) vs. 2 (2, 2), P < 0.05], the improvement in learning interest [2 (2, 3) vs. 2 (1, 2), P < 0.05], classroom innovation [3 (3, 3) vs. 2 (1.5, 2), P < 0.05], and overall classroom teaching [3 (2, 3) vs. 2 (2, 2), P < 0.05]. Conclusion:In assisting the classroom theoretical teaching of orthopedics in undergraduate students majoring in clinical medicine, 3D digital modeling combined with 3D printed model can provide concrete 3D models, reduce the difficulties in learning, improve the awareness of orthopedic diseases, strengthen learning interest, and increase the degree of satisfaction with teaching and academic scores.

A discussion on the tactics for cultivating medical students' autonomous learning ability / 中华医学教育探索杂志

This article analyzes the limitations of traditional medical theory teaching, and proposes the strategies for cultivating medical students' autonomous learning ability, i.e., informatization-based flipped classroom, problem-oriented teaching, mind mapping training, semi-open book examination, exploitation of the clinical and scientific thinking, and practice activities of medical humanities. The strategies of "problem oriented teaching" and "mind mapping training" were integrated into the practice teaching of hematology. Compared with the traditional medical teaching mode, students' feedback after class showed that the teaching mode incorporating new cultivation strategies was more conducive to the improvement of students' self-learning ability ( P = 0.008), and their satisfaction with teaching mode, learning interest, and self-learning ability were all improved. Thus, the appropriate application of the above strategies can help improve students' autonomous learning ability and optimize the effect of medical theory teaching.

Theoretical construction and questionnaire compilation of medical students' professional psychological quality based on the post competency of doctors / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To study the structure of medical students' professional psychological quality and to compile a questionnaire.Methods:Based on the grounded theory research and semi-structured interviews, the concept and structure of medical students' professional psychological quality were constructed, and the questionnaire of professional psychological quality of medical students with qualified reliability and validity was compiled. The medical students from multiple universities in Sichuan were tested by convenient sampling. A total of 300 valid questionnaires were collected for item analysis, 400 for correlation analysis and exploratory factor analysis, and 400 for confirmatory factor analysis and reliability analysis. SPSS 25.0 was used to perform correlation analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and reliability analysis, and AMOS 26.0 was used to make confirmatory factor analysis.Results:The questionnaire of medical students' professional psychological quality consisted of three subscales: professional psychological personality, professional psychological ability and professional identity, consisting of 13 secondary factors and 61 items. The total Cronbach's α=0.947, the internal consistency coefficients of the total questionnaire and the three subscales were from 0.845 to 0.947, and the correlation coefficients between the three subscales and the total questionnaire were from 0.850 to 0.869. The three factor model fitted well (GFI=0.945, AGFI=0.906, NFI=0.936, RFI=0.906, IFI=0.957, TLI=0.935, RMSEA=0.070). Conclusion:Professional psychological personality, professional psychological ability, and professional identity are the core structures of medical students' professional psychological quality. Medical students' professional psychological quality questionnaire has good content validity, structural validity and internal consistency reliability, which can be used as an effective tool to evaluate the professional psychological quality of medical students.

Modelo teórico-metodológico de cultura organizacional para la escuela de iniciación deportiva en Santiago de Cuba / Modelo teórico-metodológico de cultura organizacional para a escola de iniciação esportiva em Santiago de Cuba / Theoretical-methodological model of organizational culture for the sports initiation school in Santiago de Cuba

RESUMEN Introducción: El estudio acerca de la Cultura organizacional se viene trabajado desde 2016 -2021, en la comprensión de sus dimensiones y componentes en relación con el desempeño organizacional, se investiga sistemáticamente en profundizar en esta temática a partir de una perspectiva teórica y metodológica desde la realidad de la organización deportiva. Objetivo: De ahí que, el propósito se enunció en establecer un modelo teórico-metodológico de la cultura organizacional, para el desempeño en las escuelas de iniciación deportiva en Santiago de Cuba. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizó la observación participante, técnicas grupales, la modelación y grupos de discusión; para el procesamiento e interpretación los datos, se precisa un coeficiente confiabilidad del 95 %. Resultados: Como resultado se diseña el modelo con sus componentes teórico y metodológico, donde se expresa un nuevo sistema de relación de categorías: Involucramiento organizacional y Consistencia organizacional desde lo teórico, así como su propuesta de implementación práctica a través de fases de diagnóstico, diseño, e implementación a través de un plan de mejoramiento cultural organizacional; su sistematización teórica-práctica permite el desarrollo del desempeño organizacional. Los resultados obtenidos se sometieron al análisis inferencial a través de la prueba W de Kendall donde se obtuvo que W es igual a ,604 y p-valor sig.(bilateral)= ,000 por lo que reúnen suficientes evidencias empíricas que permiten corroborar las conclusiones emitidas por el grupo de discusión, los cuales expresaron la necesidad del modelo como expresión de las características de la cultura organizacional en su particularidad en el contexto docente deportivo. Conclusiones: A partir del valor de las interpretaciones y argumentos de los grupos de discusión se pudo determinar el perfeccionamiento del modelo teórico-metodológico desde lo epistemológico y praxiológico, lo que permite afirmar la necesidad de su establecimiento y el cumplimiento del objetivo declarado en la investigación realizada.

SÍNTESE Introdução: O estudo sobre Cultura Organizacional tem sido trabalhado desde 2016 -2021, na compreensão de suas dimensões e componentes em relação ao desempenho organizacional, é sistematicamente investigado no aprofundamento desta temática a partir de uma perspectiva teórica e metodológica a partir da realidade da organização esportiva. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer um modelo teórico-metodológico de cultura organizacional para o desempenho de escolas de iniciação esportiva em Santiago de Cuba. Materiais e métodos: Foram utilizados materiais e métodos de observação dos participantes, técnicas de grupo, modelagem e grupos de discussão; para o processamento e interpretação dos dados, foi necessário um coeficiente de confiabilidade de 95 %. Resultados: Como resultado, o modelo é projetado com seus componentes teóricos e metodológicos, onde um novo sistema de relacionamento de categorias é expresso: Envolvimento Organizacional e Consistência Organizacional do ponto de vista teórico, assim como sua proposta de implementação prática através de fases de diagnóstico, projeto e implementação através de um plano de melhoria cultural organizacional; sua sistematização teórico-prática permite o desenvolvimento do desempenho organizacional. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise inferencial através do teste W de Kendall onde se obteve que W é igual a ,604 e p-valor sig.(bilateral)=,000, de modo que eles reúnem evidências empíricas suficientes para corroborar as conclusões emitidas pelo grupo de discussão, que expressou a necessidade do modelo como expressão das características da cultura organizacional em sua particularidade no contexto do ensino esportivo. Conclusões: A partir do valor das interpretações e argumentos dos grupos de discussão, foi possível determinar o aperfeiçoamento do modelo teórico-metodológico a partir do epistemológico e praxiológico, o que nos permite afirmar a necessidade de seu estabelecimento e o cumprimento do objetivo declarado na pesquisa realizada.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The study on organizational culture has been worked on since 2016 -2021, in the understanding of its dimensions and components in relation to organizational performance, it is systematically investigated to deepen this topic from a theoretical and methodological perspective from the reality of the sports organization. Objective: Hence, the purpose was stated to establish a theoretical-methodological model of organizational culture, for performance in sports initiation schools in Santiago de Cuba. Materials and methods: It used participant observation, group techniques, modeling and discussion groups; for data processing and interpretation, a reliability coefficient of 95 % is required. Results: As a result, the model is designed with its theoretical and methodological components, where a new category relationship system is expressed: Organizational Involvement and Organizational Consistency from the theoretical, as well as its practical implementation proposal through diagnostic phases, design, and implementation through an organizational cultural improvement plan; Its theoretical-practical systematization allows the development of organizational performance. The results obtained were subjected to inferential analysis through Kendall's W test. where it was obtained that W is equal to .604 and p-value sig.(bilateral)= .000, so they gather enough empirical evidence to corroborate the conclusions issued by the discussion group, which expressed the need for the model as an expression of the characteristics of the organizational culture in its particularity in the sports teaching context. Conclusions: Based on the value of the interpretation and argues of the discussion group, it was possible to determine the theoretical- methodological improvements from the epistemological and practical view, what allows affirming the need of setting and application of the declared objective in the carried-out research.